NETB131 Programming Project
Programming language C++
An overview

Nikolay Kirov Kirov, F00000

1. History and Special Features
    Bjarne Stroustrup developed C++ in 1979 at Bell Labs as an enhancement to the C programming language and named it "C with Classes". In 1983 it was renamed to C++. Enhancements started with the addition of classes, followed by, among other features, virtual functions, operator overloading, multiple inheritance, templates, and exception handling.
    C++ is a general-purpose programming language with high-level and low-level capabilities. It is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, usually compiled language supporting procedural programming, data abstraction, object-oriented programming, and generic programming.

2. "Hello World" Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
cout << "Hello World\n";
return 0;
}
3. Fundamental Data Types (integer, floating point, string) and Assignment Operator
Definitions:
int k = 0;
double x = 10.1;
string s = "Hello";
= operator assigns the value of the expression on the right to the variable on the left.
total = pennies * 0.01;
total = count * 0.05 + total;
4. Basic Control Flow (conditional and loop statements)
    Conditional operator:
if (condition)operator;
// optional
else operator;
    Loop operator:
while (condition) operator;
Task: Input an integer number n and output the sum: 1+22+32+...+n2. Use input validation for n to be positive.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int n;
    cin >> n;
if (n < 0) return 1;
    int sum = 0;
    int i = 0;
    while (i <= n) { sum += i*i; i++; }
    cout << sum;
    return 0;
}
5. Functions - syntax, writing and using functions, example
The following is function's format:
type name ( parameter1, parameter2, ...) { statements }
where:
// function example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int addition (int a, int b) // definition
{
  int r;
  r = a + b;
  return r;
}
int main ()
{
  int z;
  z = addition (5,3); // invoking the function
  cout << "The result is " << z;
  return 0;
}
6. Arrays - syntax, definition, example
type name[size];
// array example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
  int array[10];
  array[0] = 10;
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) array[i] = i*i;
  return 0;
}
7. Compilers
8. Projects and Software in C++
9. Standard
    The C++ programming language standard was ratified in 1998.
    News 2011-09-11: The new C++ standard - C++11 - is published!

10. References
[1] Cay Horstmann, Computing Concepts with C++ Essentials, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
[2] Stroustrup, Bjarne, The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition, Addison-Wesley, 2000.
[2] C++, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++
[3] C++ Language Tutorial, http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/