Четене и запис
в текстови файлове
* Досега за четене от и запис във файлове
* Основни дейности
А) файл за четене:
- дефиниране на файлова променлива за четене
ifstream inp_data;
- отваряне на файл
inp_data.open("input.dat");
- четене от файл
--- цели числа и числа с плаваща точка:
int n;
double x;
inp_data >> n >> x;
--- низове:
string s;
inp_data >> s;
getline(inp_data, s);
--- символи:
char ch;
inp_data.get(ch);
inp_data.unget();
input_data.put_back(ch);
- затваряне на файл
inp_data.close();
Б) файл за писане:
- дефиниране на файлова променлива за писане
ofstream out_data;
- отваряне на файл
out_data.open("output.dat");
- писане във файл
--- с изходен поток:
int n = 2;
double x = 1.5;
string s = " Hello";
out_data << n <<
" " << x << s;
--- с член-функции
char ch = 'A';
out_data.put(ch);
- затваряне на файл
out_data.close();
В) файл за четене и писане:
- дефиниране на файлове променлива за четене и писане
fstream io_data;
- отваряне на файл
io_data.open("data.dat");
* Програма за четене на заплати и чертаене на диаграма
// readdata.cpp
#include "ccc_win.cpp"
void read_data(vector<double>& v,
ifstream& in)
{
double s;
while (in >> s) v.push_back(s);
}
double maximum(vector<double> v)
{
if (v.size() == 0) return
0;
double highest = v[0];
int i;
for (i = 1; i < v.size();
i++)
if (v[i]
> highest) highest = v[i];
return highest;
}
void plot_data(vector<double> v)
{
double highest = maximum(v);
cwin.coord(0, 0, highest,
v.size());
int i;
for (i = 0; i < v.size();
i++)
{ Point left(0, i);
Point right(v[i],
i);
Line bar(left,
right);
Message
label(left, v[i]);
cwin <<
bar << label;
}
}
int main()
{ string filename
= cwin.get_string("Please
enter the data file name: ");
ifstream infile;
infile.open(filename.c_str());
vector<double> data;
read_data(data, infile);
infile.close();
plot_data(data);
return 0;
}
Текстови потоци
* Входен поток
#include <sstream>
...
string input = "January 23, 1881";
istringstream instr(input);
string month;
int day;
string comma;
int year;
instr >> month >> day >> comma >> year;
* Изходен поток
ostringstream outstr;
outstr << setprecision(8) <<
sqrt(2);
string output = outstr.str();
// readtime.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;
string int_to_string(int n)
{
ostringstream outstr;
outstr << n;
return outstr.str();
}
void read_time(int& hours, int&
minutes)
{
string line;
getline(cin, line);
istringstream instr(line);
instr >> hours;
minutes = 0;
char ch;
instr.get(ch);
if (ch == ':') instr >> minutes;
else
#ifndef CCC_USE_OLD_STREAMS
instr.unget();
#else
instr.putback(ch);
/* used if your compiler doesn't support
the ANSI unget function */
#endif
string suffix;
instr >> suffix;
if (suffix == "pm") hours
= hours + 12;
}
string time_to_string(int hours, int minutes,
bool am_pm)
{
string suffix;
if (am_pm)
{ if (hours < 12)
suffix = "am";
else
{ suffix = "pm"; hours = hours - 12; }
if (hours
== 0) hours = 12;
}
string result = int_to_string(hours)
+ ":";
if (minutes < 10) result
= result + "0";
result = result + int_to_string(minutes);
if (am_pm) result = result
+ " " + suffix;
return result;
}
int main()
{ cout << "Please enter the
time: ";
int hours;
int minutes;
read_time(hours, minutes);
cout << "Using am/pm:
" << time_to_string(hours, minutes, true) << "\n";
cout << "Military time:
" << time_to_string(hours, minutes, false) << "\n";
return 0;
}
Аргументи
от командния ред
* Определение и използване
C:/mydir/>prog -v input.dat
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
string(argv[0]) "prog"
string(argv[1]) "-v"
string(argv[2]) "input.dat"
* Шифроване на Цезар
// ceasar.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;
void usage(string program_name)
{
cout << "Usage: " <<
program_name
<< " [-d] [-kn] infile outfile\n";
exit(1);
}
void open_file_error(string filename)
{
cout << "Error opening
file " << filename << "\n";
exit(1);
}
int remainder(int a, int n)
{
if (a >= 0) return a % n;
else
return n - 1 - (-a - 1) % n;
}
char encrypt(char ch, int k)
{
const int NLETTER = 26;
if ('A' <= ch &&
ch <= 'Z')
return
static_cast<char>('A' + remainder(ch-'A'+k, NLETTER));
if ('a' <= ch &&
ch <= 'z')
return
static_cast<char>('a' + remainder(ch-'a'+k, NLETTER));
return ch;
}
void encrypt_file(ifstream& in, ofstream&
out, int k)
{
char ch;
while (in.get(ch)) out.put(encrypt(ch,
k));
}
int string_to_int(string s)
{
istringstream instr(s);
int n;
instr >> n;
return n;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{ bool decrypt = false;
int key = 3;
int nfile = 0; /* the number
of files specified */
ifstream infile;
ofstream outfile;
if (argc < 3 or argc > 5) usage(string(argv[0]));
int i;
for (i = 1; i < argc;
i++)
{ string arg = string(argv[i]);
if (arg.length()
>= 2 and arg[0] == '-')
/* it is
a command line option */
{
char option = arg[1];
if (option == 'd')
decrypt = true;
else if (option == 'k')
key = string_to_int(arg.substr(2, arg.length() - 2));
}
else
{
nfile++;
if (nfile == 1)
{ infile.open(arg.c_str());
if (infile.fail()) open_file_error(arg);
}
else if (nfile == 2)
{ outfile.open(arg.c_str());
if (outfile.fail()) open_file_error(arg);
}
}
}
if(nfile != 2) usage(string(argv[0]));
if (decrypt) key = -key;
encrypt_file(infile, outfile,
key);
infile.close();
outfile.close();
return 0;
}
Произволен
достъп
* Специфични функции
fs.seekg(n, ios::beg);
fs.seekp(n, ios::beg);
fs.tellg();
fs.tellp();
* Пример с база-данни за повишаване на заплати
// database.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;
#include "ccc_empl.cpp"
const int NEWLINE_LENGTH = 2; /* or 1 on
Unix */
const int RECORD_SIZE = 30 + 10 + NEWLINE_LENGTH;
double string_to_double(string s)
{
istringstream instr(s);
double x;
instr >> x;
return x;
}
void raise_salary(Employee& e, double
percent)
{
double new_salary = e.get_salary()
* (1 + percent / 100);
e.set_salary(new_salary);
}
void read_employee(Employee& e, fstream&
fs)
{
string line;
getline(fs, line);
if (fs.fail()) return;
string name = line.substr(0,
30);
double salary = string_to_double(line.substr(30,
10));
e = Employee(name, salary);
}
void write_employee(Employee e, fstream&
fs)
{
fs << e.get_name()
<<
setw(10 + (30 - e.get_name().length()))
<<
fixed << setprecision(2)
<<
e.get_salary()
<<
"\n";
}
int main()
{ cout << "Please enter the
data file name: ";
string filename;
cin >> filename;
fstream fs;
fs.open(filename.c_str());
fs.seekg(0, ios::end); /*
go to end of file */
int nrecord = fs.tellg()
/ RECORD_SIZE;
cout << "Please enter
the record to update: (0 - "
<<
nrecord - 1 << ") ";
int pos;
cin >> pos;
const double SALARY_CHANGE = 5.0;
Employee e;
fs.seekg(pos * RECORD_SIZE,
ios::beg);
read_employee(e, fs);
raise_salary(e, SALARY_CHANGE);
fs.seekp(pos * RECORD_SIZE,
ios::beg);
write_employee(e, fs);
fs.close();
return 0;
}